Dialect in British Fiction: 1800-1836Funded by The Arts and Humanities Research CouncilSupported by The University of Sheffield
Full record including Speech Extracts
Smith, CharlotteThe Letters of a Solitary Wanderer Volume 2: The Story of Henrietta
Author Details
Surname:Smith
First Names:Charlotte
Gender:Female
Anonymous:No
Publication Details
Publisher:Printed for and by Sampson Low, Berwick Street, Soho.
Place:London
Date:1800
Novel Details
Genre:Adventure; courtship; manners/society; travel
Setting:Liverpool; Jamaica; London and fashionable society
Period:Contemporary
Plot
The solitary wanderer who introduces each tale through letters to his friend reflects on the previous tale about Sir Mordaunt and insists that Catholicism was the root of the problem. He then talks of a friend from Jamaica he has recently re-encountered, Mr Denbigh, who is now married to an interesting wife. He relates their history.
Henrietta (now Mrs Denbigh) was the daughter of a Jamaican plantation owner, sent to England to be educated by her aunt. On the death of her aunt (in England) and brother (in Jamaica) her father summons her to Jamaica. In the meantime she has fallen in love with Mr Denbigh, but an officious friend keeps him at a distance and he ends up travelling in a different boat which is blown of course and seized by pirates.
The story is then told in the first person from Henrietta's perspective. On arrival in Jamaica she is horrified to find that her father is cold and despotic and that she has many half-siblings by slave women. Her father intends her to marry a Mr Sawkins over whom he has complete control, and she attempts to flee. The narrative then switches back to Denbigh who arrives in Jamaica and tries to find her, but is nearly killed by the savage Maroons. He eventually meets up with her in the spartan home of a recluse, and is delighted but also fearful that she has been ruined having been for several days the captive of the Maroons.
The story then diverts into a lengthy backstory of the recluse, who proves to be Henrietta's uncle. He married young and happily but his wife became corrupted by London society and he divorced her, remarrying a woman who proved to be jealous and spiteful. His son was murdered by an relation of his new wife and he now has nothing to live for so decided to come to Jamaica where he has estates in order to help the anti-slavery movement, although it turns out he can do little directly because of local vested interests.
Finally the narrative switches back to Henrietta. After she escaped her father, her faithful negro servant, Ampanorah, declared his love for her but was fortuitously killed by the Maroons. The Maroon chief planned to make her his new wife, but the jealous existing wives released her because they did not want the competition. Hence she has not been ruined, and marries Denbigh and they appear to be happy.
There are several interesting themes in the novel: there is quite a strong emphasis on education, and particularly the damaging effects of private schools. There is also definitely a political current with some anti-slavery messages (although also, probably inevitably, some rather unpleasant descriptions of the savagery of the Maroons).
Structurally, it's interesting because although the Jamaica stuff is quite gripping, it feels as though Smith did not have enough of it and so padded it out with the uncle's lengthy backstory, which is set in England and quite ordinary.
Note that while Volumes 1 and 2 of this collection of novellas have interesting dialect representation (and both are recorded as separate records in this database), Volume 3 is set in France and does not use dialect at all, although there is an interesting comment on p. 292 about the use of French words in English ('disgusting!')
Overview of the Dialect
A minor character is a sea captain who speaks 'seafarer'. Other than that the main interest is in (1) the small number of Jamaican characters who speak various creole-infused varieties of English (2) the frequent use of Jamaican words (sometimes with explanation, sometimes without) in the main narrative.
Displaying 7 characters from this novel    |    Highlight dialect features in each extract    |    Do not highlight dialect features in each extract
Speaker #1:Captain - The captain
Individual or Group:Individual
Primary Identity:Captain
Gender:Male
Age:Adult - unspecified age
Narrative Voice:1st person
Role:Minor

Social Role
Social Role Description:The captain
Social Role Category:Seafarer
Speaker's Origin
Place of Origin Description:Unspecified
Place of Origin Category:England
Extract #1 dialect features: Grammar, Idiom, Orthographical Contraction, Vocabulary
Speakers: All , Captain, interlocutor
The captain, a rude blunt seaman, who had very soon seen more of her than he liked, perceived, what indeed I had not affected to hide, that this woman was utterly hateful to me; and calling me aside, he asked me if I did not see what she was at? " The devil fly away with her !" said he, " she's as cunning as his dam. Why, no wonder the gentlewoman wants to take Miss in tow – Her father is a widower – No bad look-out for the widow herself, who is not over-burdened with money. But more than that, there's a son in the case." – "A son?" cried I, imagining I at once saw the cause of Henrietta's coldness to me. "Yes," replied my informer; "but Miss has never seen him yet. You must know, that in this madam's jiggeting backwards and forwards, getting things to rights, I've laid my tackle to make out what she was; and I find she's the mother to one Apthorp, a lawyer, who had a place under Government in Antingua, who is now removed to Jamaica to a better thing; I don't know your law terms, not I; but though I've seen this mother what d'>ye call 'um but twice, I know she intends nothing more or less than to marry the father herself, and her son to his daughter."
Speaker #2:Juana - A black female servant
Individual or Group:Individual
Primary Identity:Juana
Gender:Female
Age:Adult - unspecified age
Narrative Voice:1st person
Role:Minor
Dialect Features:Metalanguage

Social Role
Social Role Description:A black female servant
Social Role Category:Servant
Speaker's Origin
Place of Origin Description:Jamaica
Place of Origin Category:Jamaica, Caribbean
Extract #1 dialect features: Metalanguage
Speakers: All , Juana, Henrietta
This little girl, however, (for she is but twelve years old) I have attempted to instruct, when I could enough command my spirits to attend to any thing: but she is so ignorant, so much the creature either of origin or habit, that I cannot make her comprehend the simplest instruction, and our lesson generally ends in her begging of me some ribbon, feather, or other trifling ornament, which I give her on promising to attend more another time: -- a promise which she never remembers. [Henrietta is here commenting on one of her mixed-race half-sisters
(Vol. 2,p. 58-59)
Speaker #3:Henrietta - Gentlewoman (commenting on half-sisters)
Individual or Group:Individual
Primary Identity:Henrietta
Gender:Female
Age:Adult - young
Narrative Voice:1st person
Role:Central

Social Role
Social Role Description:Gentlewoman (commenting on half-sisters)
Social Role Category:Aristocracy or gentry
Speaker's Origin
Place of Origin Description:England, although also lives in Jamaica
Place of Origin Category:England
Extract #1 dialect features: Metalanguage
Speakers: All , Juana, Henrietta
This little girl, however, (for she is but twelve years old) I have attempted to instruct, when I could enough command my spirits to attend to any thing: but she is so ignorant, so much the creature either of origin or habit, that I cannot make her comprehend the simplest instruction, and our lesson generally ends in her begging of me some ribbon, feather, or other trifling ornament, which I give her on promising to attend more another time: -- a promise which she never remembers. [Henrietta is here commenting on one of her mixed-race half-sisters
(Vol. 2,p. 58-59)
Extract #2 dialect features: Metalanguage
Speakers: All , Henrietta
They speak an odd sort of dialect, more resembling that of the negroes than the English spoken in England; and their odd manners, their love of finery, and curiosity about my clothes and ornaments, together with their total insensibility to their own situation is, I own, very distressing to me. [Henrietta is here commenting on one of her mixed-race half-sisters]
(Vol. 2,p. 57-58)
Extract #3 dialect features: Metalanguage
Speakers: All , Henrietta
This little girl, however, (for she is but twelve years old) I have attempted to instruct, when I could enough command my spirits to attend to any thing: but she is so ignorant, so much the creature either of origin or habit, that I cannot make her comprehend the simplest instruction, and our lesson generally ends in her begging of me some ribbon, feather, or other trifling ornament, which I give her on promising to attend more another time: -- a promise which she never remembers. [Henrietta is here commenting on one of her mixed-race half-sisters]
(Vol. 2,p. 58-59)
Extract #4 dialect features: Metalanguage
Speakers: All , Henrietta
"I was immediately surrounded by men of various shades of colour; negroes, maroons, quadroons, I knew not what. One among them, who was evidently their chief, advanced towards me, spoke to me in English, and by his voice and manner, tried to re-assure me. All the recollection and presence of mind I could command did not, however, serve to give me any confidence of safety. I seemed to have been delivered from one evil, only to have fallen into another. The noises, gestures, the eager manner of these strange people filled me with terror and dismay."
(Vol. 2,p. 140)
[…] I inquired of Amponah, one of the few servants in the house to whom I can speak , who that person was. The poor fellow appeared to be surprised at my question, and answered, " Master not tell you , Miss?" I said I should not have inquired, but that I had forgotten his name. " Ah, Miss, Miss! " replied Amponah, " dat man is one day no'ther to be our master." – "Your master, Amponah?" – "Yes: master give him you , Miss, and all this great rich estates and pens and all ."
(Vol. 2,p. 62-63)
Extract #6 dialect features: Grammar, Orthographical Respelling, Vocabulary
The poor fellow sighed deeply, and, shaking his head, replied, "What I say is trute ; that man is him master means to make marry you, Miss." – "But, Amponah, what is he?" – "What is he, Miss? Oh! he nephew to a widow lady master like , and go see sometime t'other side de Island . Ah, Miss! we know well enough who he is; he is poor man, bad man, cruel man ; but we must not speak. Yet," added Amponah, in a tone and manner altogether unlike his usual way of speaking, "yet, for such man to be your husband, Miss!" – I was, I hardly know why, terrified at the honest indignation of this faithful servant.
(Vol. 2,p. 63-4)
Speaker #4:Amponah - Slave, but one who has spent some time in England and is intimate with the family.
Individual or Group:Individual
Primary Identity:Amponah
Gender:Male
Age:Adult - unspecified age
Narrative Voice:1st person
Role:Significant

Social Role
Social Role Description:Slave, but one who has spent some time in England and is intimate with the family.
Social Role Category:Slave
Speaker's Origin
Place of Origin Description:Jamaica
Place of Origin Category:Jamaica, Caribbean
[…] I inquired of Amponah, one of the few servants in the house to whom I can speak , who that person was. The poor fellow appeared to be surprised at my question, and answered, " Master not tell you , Miss?" I said I should not have inquired, but that I had forgotten his name. " Ah, Miss, Miss! " replied Amponah, " dat man is one day no'ther to be our master." – "Your master, Amponah?" – "Yes: master give him you , Miss, and all this great rich estates and pens and all ."
(Vol. 2,p. 62-63)
Extract #2 dialect features: Grammar, Orthographical Respelling, Vocabulary
The poor fellow sighed deeply, and, shaking his head, replied, "What I say is trute ; that man is him master means to make marry you, Miss." – "But, Amponah, what is he?" – "What is he, Miss? Oh! he nephew to a widow lady master like , and go see sometime t'other side de Island . Ah, Miss! we know well enough who he is; he is poor man, bad man, cruel man ; but we must not speak. Yet," added Amponah, in a tone and manner altogether unlike his usual way of speaking, "yet, for such man to be your husband, Miss!" – I was, I hardly know why, terrified at the honest indignation of this faithful servant.
(Vol. 2,p. 63-4)
Extract #3 dialect features: Grammar, Orthographical Respelling, Vocabulary
Speakers: All , Amponah
" " Missy , I tell trute now - I love you. I no slave now ; I my master and yours . Missy , there no difference now ; you be my wife . I love you from a child! You live with me : nay, nay, no help for it; I take care of that."
(Vol. 2,p. 303)
Speaker #5:A negro - A slave, unskilled role
Individual or Group:Group
Primary Identity:A negro
Gender:Male
Age:Adult - unspecified age
Narrative Voice:1st person
Role:Peripheral

Social Role
Social Role Description:A slave, unskilled role
Social Role Category:Slave
Speaker's Origin
Place of Origin Description:Jamaica
Place of Origin Category:Jamaica, Caribbean
Extract #1 dialect features: Grammar, Orthographical Respelling, Vocabulary
Speakers: All , A negro, interlocutor
"None of the family suffered?" said I eagerly. " Only two tree negro kill ," replied the man. "But Miss Maynard, your master's daughter, where is she?" The negro shook his head: " No say , massa . One my ship-mate flog for make question – for tell tings ."
(Vol. 2,p. 308)
Speaker #6:Child - One of a group of negro and mulatto children
Individual or Group:Individual
Primary Identity:Child
Gender:Unknown
Age:Child
Narrative Voice:1st person
Role:Peripheral
Dialect Features:

Social Role
Social Role Description:One of a group of negro and mulatto children
Social Role Category:Slave
Speaker's Origin
Place of Origin Description:Jamaica
Place of Origin Category:Caribbean
Extract #1 dialect features:
Speakers: All , Child
One of the children observed me move, and exclaiming "Buckra, buckra, live!" the oldest of the woman turned and came towards me.
(Vol. 2,p. 308)
Speaker #7:Mr Denbigh - Gentleman
Individual or Group:Individual
Primary Identity:Mr Denbigh
Gender:Male
Age:Adult - young
Narrative Voice:1st person
Role:Central
Dialect Features:Metalanguage

Social Role
Social Role Description:Gentleman
Social Role Category:Aristocracy or gentry
Speaker's Origin
Place of Origin Description:England, although has also lived in Jamaica
Place of Origin Category:England
Extract #1 dialect features: Metalanguage
Speakers: All , Mr Denbigh
I had, from a boy, understood a little of their wild jargon, and now fancied they spoke of their women, and of white women whom their chief had made captives in their late excursion among the plantations to the north.
(Vol. 2,p. 120)
Extract #2 dialect features: Metalanguage
Speakers: All , Mr Denbigh
I heard three of four hoarse voices salute my host in a language of which I understood nothing but two or three words, and those hostile, borrowed from the negro English of the colonies. My friend answered them in the same jargon in a mild and manly tone […]
(Vol. 2,p. 140)
Displaying 7 characters from this novel    |    Highlight dialect features in each extract    |    Do not highlight dialect features in each extract
Version 1.1 (December 2015)Background image reproduced from the Database of Mid Victorian Illustration (DMVI)